Among the Akamba and the Agikuyu. In traditional African society this entails a bride-exchange in form of cattle, services, foodstuffs, family ties, or other expressions of the marriage contract. 5. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. However, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been greatly affected by influence of Christianity, western culture and formal education. Role of priests, prophets and seers 1. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. Other names may also refer to the characteristics of the mothers pregnancy or the nature of delivery e.g. .The eldest son cannot inherit.15, The Baganda practice the levirate custom. 3. - Rainmakers observe the behavior of insects, birds and animals to predict the nature of rain. During this period, the couples are given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. - Attending discos and nightclubs. This may be due to urbanization and economic constraints. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.14, 37 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.51 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. g. The body is carefully placed in the grave facing an appropriate direction according to the customs of the people. How Names are given in the traditional African societies 1. Through this, they believed they could receive blessings. 4. It is also a symbolic act of breaking the bride completely from the state of unmarried life once dowry is paid she becomes full and mature person. Grandmothers teach girls their roles and grandfathers maintain law and order .Young unmarried men provide security in form of warriors while boys look after the animals. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. 18. a) State five changes that have taken place in property ownership today. Price, Thomas., A Short English-Nyanja Vocabulary. -The spirit of sharing. Problems that the elderly face today 1. 16. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). a person born during locusts invasion can be called Adede among the luo. In the traditional African Community, marriage was considered incomplete without children. Some people also consult them before making important decisions e.g. This helps to control peoples behaviors. they are consulted before installation of a new king in some communities. 6. v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. African spirituality is truly holistic. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. 1. 12. This difficulty in generalization bone of diversity was already apparent to many early scholars of the African traditional family like Mair(1) and Goode(2). They are important because they have a lot of experience. How the widows and orphans are supported - Church members offer them guidance and counseling (giving them hope) - They are prayed for. The land belonged to the whole community. Depending on the region and the people, these. Rites of passage: These are ceremonies that are performed to a group of people to mark important stages of life. vi. - In some communities it would last for several days. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. vii. vii. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.33 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953). - Kinship helps to care for the less fortunate members of the society e.g. 3. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. The issue to emphasize, is not so much that there are no weaknesses or shortcomings in the traditional African family, but that the Eurocentric Anglo-Saxon descriptions (that are believed to be objective and describe social phenomena as accurately as possible) eliminate, and over shadow the strengths and positive aspects that might have existed and may still exist in the African traditional family patterns. The midwives perform the following:- 1. - In others the bridegroom and its party have to fight the brides party in order to get her. Everybody is a part of the other. - Wife inheritance ensured that the late mans family would not suffer. 4. vii. 2. Yet others could also die due to old age. Others reflect the problems the parents faced e.g. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. in some communities it is thrown to uncultivated land to show fertility. vi. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. But quite to the contrary, the clan seems to have a more supreme influence. - Hardworking. African societies are complex and diverse, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and understand the continent's economic, political, social, and cultural institutions and change. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. in the garden or when one is building a new house. Diviners also have religious functions and perform duties of priests such as offering of sacrifice. 2. They are free most of them and can get time for the younger generation. LeVine, R.A., Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. vii. 6. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. Rules and Regulations: People in the community are governed by rules and regulations, which are strictly followed. Edited by G.A. 2. Strong religious beliefs helped bind the members of society together and inspire a sense of unity. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. Characteristics of African community 1. 3. 3. - Presents are given to the baby and mother as a sign of good will. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. Names could also depict the character of the child. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. Marriage has been commercialized - many people demand higher payment for their daughter. Today choosing of a marriage partner is individualized and the parents do nowadays not choose the marriage partner. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. It is the kinship ties which determine a person's rights, responsibilities and behaviour. 1975. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. Culture and values are adaptive .. People nowadays try to show their loyalty to state and not the society. food, beer drinking. It must be emphasized, however, that these were traditional patterns as far back as late 1800s up to as late as 1960s. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. iv. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. The church also gives them food, and clothing and their daily needs. The Baganda people of Uganda provide the best illustration.7. Once the proposals are made, the parents and relatives would begin marriage negotiations. These are many. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. 6) There is problem of correct dosage of traditional medicine. Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Makini. They at times suffer from loneliness and psychological problems How the aged are taken care of today 1. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Dressing The dress code differed from one community to another in the traditional African setup. Diviners and mediums iii. It is also a sign of acceptance of the children into the new family. Boys herd goats, cows, and livestock. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. d. If it is a man, the wife is supposed to stay around the corpse among them show clearly she would miss the husband. - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. The African notion of "family," by contrast, typically refers to the extended family system. The clan chooses the heir. This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. A clan is made up of a family who either are related by blood and marriage. iii. - Marriage also unites the living and the dead. 3. 8. iv. Elders iv. The introduction of formal education Formal education has weakened the role of parents and grandparents. Responsibility of elders: - They help in the settlement of disputes. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. The houses of grandparents form their sleeping places. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. Defines kinship and explains its importance. 4. Would you say in the Western marriage ritual of the priest leading on the saying of vowes, that the priest orders the groom to now kiss the bride, or put the ring on the brides finger, or ordered to be married for that matter? Consanguineal kinship: this kinship is based on blood the relationship meaning the relationship between parents and children also among immediate siblings. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. 4. 2. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. In fact a woman was part of the property of the man. Coser, Rose Lamb., (Ed.) The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. 3 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1. vi. Today the dead can be buried in cemeteries in towns. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. Second Edition, London: Cambridge University Press, 1984, Ch. In a typical traditional African society, the family comprised of a number of individuals, ranging from grandparents,aunts,uncles, father, mother, children etc sometimes the "sahwira" is also regarded as part of that family in some sense. Such occasions include beer drinking, wrestling, playing football, singing and dancing etc. 7. the Agikuyu the ancestors are Mumbi and Gikuyu were created by Ngai. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. According to Mair, .the polygynous joint family, consisting of a man, his wives, and their children, is the ideal for most Africans.5 Studies conducted from the 1930s to 1950s indicate that polygyny was common virtually in all regions of Africa.6, In spite of the perversity of polygyny, there was evidence that it was on the decline. - They ensure the values and culture of the community is observed. 7. - In some communities it would be thrown in rivers, forest in Banana plantations. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. What role did religion play in medieval Africa communities? PaulVMcDowell. OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND WEALTH In the traditional African community anything that was owned is referred to as part of property or wealth. vii. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family. Once the negotiations are over then dowry payment would begin. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. Education of children has been left to teachers. - When a woman learns that she is pregnant, she becomes very happy and she becomes a special person in the community and receives special treatment. - People do not have a lot of attachment to land, as there are other means of survival. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. What is significant about the various descriptions of the traditional African family is that they are from back in the period before the 1940s and in case of the Baganda from the late 1800s. They also lead the community in offering sacrifices to God. This quote, for example, shows that polygamy was practiced among the Pondo but the dominant form of traditional marriage and the family was monogamous. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the last three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to defy any sweeping generalizations. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. Kinship refers to relationship between people through blood, marriage or adoption. These institutions are a cultural universal i.e. 42 Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History. 4. - Alcoholism. People nowadays migrate and buy lands in far places. Some names are given according to the time one was born. iii. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. Adams, Bert N., The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, 4th Edition, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986. Traditional African society. vi. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. 25 This book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language. - Gambling. In fact cases where the father-in-law has to issue orders are perhaps such a minority that it is ironical that they are used to characterize the whole social interaction. Traditional African Society. 3. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. There are three main types of kinship: lineal, collateral, and affinal. They also have the ability to stop rain. But it makes it difficult to keep track of our kin. The author describes the interaction between the Baganda mother and her baby as unfavorable and lacking any affection or love. A Bemba belongs to his mothers clan (umukoa), a group of relatives more or less distantly connected, who reckon descent from real or fictitious common ancestries, use a common totem name, and a series of praise titles, recite a common legend of origin and accept certain joint obligations.30. 2. Good, Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. They include: i. PRIESTS/PROPHETS OR SEERS - These are other religious specialists who play a special role as intermediaries between God and human beings. drought, famine etc. There is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the village, community, and ultimately society. 8 It brings poverty to the family involved as sometimes it takes the bread winner 9 At times it brings misunderstanding in the community when the cause of death is blamed on someone or some people. N.S.S.F. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. 2. they are operational and obtainable in every society around the world be it traditional or modern. They are made aware of their responsibilities in adulthood. - It also shows that the woman is fully integrated to the husbands family - There are certain rules and regulations she is expected to observe. If he did, it would be like selling her. iii. He ..also adopts the deceased persons children, calling them his and making no distinction between them and his own children.16. In some communities, it may be done in the forest while others the expectant mother would go back to their parents while others could also be done in the house of the in-law. Measures that are taken to make sure virginity is preserved i).Virginity is highly valued and a girl is meant to preserve her virginity until marriage. Urbanization has undermined the role of of the elders as it becomes difficult for elders to operate as the people come from different backgrounds. Factors that have affected Kinship system 1. Such influences as end of intra and inter-tribal warfare with the coming of European colonialism, the Western money economy, industrialization, migration, and urbanization have certainly transformed the traditional African family from what it was 50 to 100 years ago. 5. viii. 4. These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. At times force could be applied to get a reluctant young girl marry the partner. This article looks at the societies and cultures of sub-Saharan Africa in pre-modern history. People like politicians and students consult medicine men to succeed in the careers. It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. A good son-in-law hoes the garden, chops trees, and generally help his wifes family as proof of his love for his wife, dedication, and being a well cultured individual. Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. 8. They could also give aid to increase productivity e.g. The medicine men lead the community in religious rituals. v. Polygamy is encouraged for sexual satisfaction for men. 6. iv. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. h. Among the Luos animals are driven over the graveside, people run in the homestead with spears. 6. They are referred to as the Eskimo, Hawaiian, Sudanese, Omaha, Crow, and Iroquois systems. It was written in 1988. iii. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. The mother and the child is no longer secluded. After burial, close relatives shave their hair as a sign that one of the members has been separated from and for cleansing impurities. A total of 68 linguistic terms of relationships are used by the Baganda.12, The Baganda have a very important aspect of the social or family structure; the consanguinal kin group or blood line which is a line of descent traced through the male members of the family or patri-sib. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. ii. Young men are taught to be honest in all their undertakings. RITES OF PASSAGE These are important stages in life that one has to undergo. Kinship is a social relationship based on real consanguinity. Kinship ties definition: Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. They are senior members of the community. 2. Naming ceremonies also provide opportunity to teach the culture of the youth. - People tend to be individualized. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: Similar systems of kinship terminology can be found, for example, among the Ndebele of Zimbabwe, the Zulu of South Africa, the Ngoni and Tumbuka of Eastern Zambia. vi. - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. 7. - In most African communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo Changing attitudes towards marriage 1. Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created by marriage and those that result from descent , which is socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. 5. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. DEATH Death is the last rite in ones life and unlike other rites like initiation, naming. Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. 3. ELDERS They are people who are elderly in society. Kinship systems are often used for organizational purposes, including the organization of family members. - They are kept company. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. Changing attitudes to birth and naming 1. Schapera, Isaac., Married Life in an African Tribe. - There is individual ownership of property. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. Anthropologist Robin Fox says that the study of kinship is the study of what humans do with these basic facts of life - mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization, siblingship etc. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. Goode, William J. viii. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. When a girl is getting married her mothers brother must be consulted. 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factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society